In typical mixtures, Raoult's law provides no more than a rough approximation; only when the components in the liquid mixture are similar, e.g., a mixture of n-butane and isobutane, can we assume that ...

IN problems connected with concentrated solutions involving several electrolytes, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the activity coefficients of the separate salts. The determination of these ...

FOR precise calculation of the potential difference on a cell membrane, ion activities rather than concentrations should be used. If one considers the fact that the main part of cytoplasm is a ...