If a vaccine is to protect the intestines and other mucous membranes in the body, it also needs to be given through the mucosa, for example as a nasal spray or a liquid that is drunk. The mucosa forms ...

Mucous surfaces in the nose, throat, lungs, intestine, and genital tract are points of first contact for many pathogens. As a defensive strategy, most animals (and humans) can rapidly exfoliate these ...

Leukoplakia causes white patches or plaques to develop on the tongue and mucosa in the mouth. Doctors may prescribe medication to treat the condition. Mouth irritants and irritating activities, such ...

Biologist William K. Purves of Harvey Mudd College responds: Parietal cells in the mucosa, the inner cell layer of our digestive tract, secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach's lumen, or ...